The current understanding of radiation tolerance of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) is reviewed. Effects of radiation damage caused by hadrons, electrons and gammas on SiPMs are presented and discussed. Ideas are presented on how to approach the development of radiation hard SiPMs for the future HEP experiments.
Hamamatsu and KETEK SiPMs were irradiated with neutrons up to 2E12 n/cm^2 (1 MeV equivalent) at the CERN CHARM irradiation facility. The SiPMs’ temperature during irradiation was stabilized at -30 C using Peltier thermoelectric cooler. In this article, we report about studies of the SiPM dark currents during and after irradiation.
The gain of silicon photomultipliers increases with bias voltage and decreases with temperature. To operate SiPMs at stable gain, the bias voltage can be readjusted to compensate for temperature changes. We have tested this concept with 30 SiPMs from three manufacturers in a climate chamber at CERN varying the temperature from 1 degree C to 48 degrees C. We built an adaptive power supply that...
The construction of a highly granular scintillator-tile calorimeter with 22000 MPPCs
required new approached to quality control and provided both test bench and in-situ
data for the characterisation of a large sample of photo-sensors. Thanks to the
excellent uniformity of device parameters, it was possible to stabilise the MPPC
responses in the presence of temperature variations by...
Recent progress of the SiPM technologies, such as high photon detection efficiency (PDE) and well-suppressed optical crosstalk have made it possible to replace conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with SiPMs in many applications. However SiPM prices per unit area is still higher than those of PMTs, and thus production of a large SiPM array is not cost effective yet. We have developed a...
At the Max Planck Institute for Physics, we developed three prototype detector modules using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) instead of PMTs for the imaging cameras of the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. The detector modules use Hamamatsu, SensL or Excelitas devices, respectively.
To achieve an active area comparable to a 1-inch PMT, we used a matrix of up to...
