Nearly 10 years have passed since Hamamatsu started developing the MPPC, which is a part of the SiPM family. The most important feature is its photon counting capability due to its high gain and low noise, but the MPPC has many additional features such as compact size, low operation voltage, robustness, high detection efficiency, and immunity to magnetic fields. Over the years, various types...
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), also known as multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs), represent an alternative solution that to a large extent combines the advantages of PMTs and APDs. They have high gain, low bias voltage, excellent timing properties and are insensitive to magnetic fields. SiPMs are replacing the traditional PMTs gradually in various applications like high energy physics,...
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are attractive light detectors for high energy and astroparticle physics experiments. They are compact in size, have fast (few ns) response time, operate at lower voltage compared to classical photomultiplier tubes, are insensitive to magnetic fields, and the newer samples offer photon detection efficiencies of > 40%. The optical cross-talk effect, whereby...
Silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) are detectors sensitive to single photons that are widely used for the detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light in subatomic physics and medical imaging. In order to understand the over-voltage dependence in detail, we have built a new model by extracting the electron and hole avalanche triggering probabilities using VUV and Infra-red light sources. Then...
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are widely used in many applications in medical imaging, particle physics, and high-energy astrophysics owing to their high photon detection efficiency, high charge resolution, compactness, and low voltage. It is known, however, that so-called optical crosstalk (OCT), which generate secondary infrared photons in the micro silicon cell that fired first, can...
Following a first successful demonstration of the use of MPPCs in scintillator-based
calorimeters, the CALICE collaboration has developed over the last years a concept
scalable to large collider detectors with millions of channels, thanks to embedded
read-out electronics layers including surface-mounted MPPCs. A prototype with
22000 channels has been constructed and was tested in hadrons...
International Linear Collider (ILC) is a project of a future electron–positron collider and one of its goals is precise measurements of the Higgs particle.
We are developing Scintillator Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ScECAL) with SiPM as one of candidates of electromagnetic calorimeter for ILC.
ScECAL consists of 2mm x 5mm x 45mm scintillator strips and SiPMs.
We have fabricated some types...
The KOTO experiment, conducted at J-PARC (Ibaraki Japan), is set to observe
the rare decay $K_L\rightarrow \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$. The branching ratio is heavily suppressed
in the Standard model (SM) and the
experimental observation may reveal hints
from physics beyond the SM.
The observed signature of $K_L\rightarrow \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$ is two $\gamma$'s
produced from a $\pi^0$ and
no...
Plastic scintillator detectors are extensively used in particle physics experiments for decades. A large-scale detector is typically arranged as an array of staggered long bars which provide a fast trigger signal and/or particle identification via time-of-flight measurement. Scintillation light is collected by photosensors coupled to the both ends of every bar. In this talk we present our...
We plan to equip about 60,000 MPPCs to build novel plastic scintillator detector for T2K near detector upgrade. Current goal of the T2K experiment is to measure CP violation phase in the neutrino sector, by measuring neutrino appearance in the long-baseline neutrino experiment. The upgrade of T2K near detector (ND280) aims to suppress systematic error to obtain better sensitivity for the...
We have developed HypTPC consists of TPC and the trigger hodoscope for the J-PARC E42/45 hadron experiments. The TPC Hodoscope has large scintillators of 80 x 7 x 1 cm to cover the TPC. Especially, to detect photons generated in a large area of a scintillator, a multiple MPPC signal readout is developed.
Generally, a method of applying a voltage to a Multi-MPPC is a parallel connection and...
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are the photo detectors of choice for many applications thanks to their excellent performance in counting photons. To use SiPMs as photon counters, the gain must be known beforehand and the stability of the gain must be constantly monitored.
The gain is commonly determined by resolving the single photoelectron peak in the detected charge distribution. Although...
Hyper-Kamiokande is a large water Cherenkov detector planned in the near future. A fiducial volume of Hyper-Kamiokande is about twenty times larger than Super-Kamiokande.
It is equipped with forty thousands of a 50 cm photomultiplier tube (PMT), R12860 by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
The PMT has a high quantum efficiency, faster time response, better charge resolution and a higher detection...
SiPM operation at very low temperatures has the potential to improve detector systems for experiments at cryogenic temperatures. We characterised electrical and optical properties of a commercially available cryogenic SiPM over a temperature range from 6.5 K to 286 K, such as breakdown voltage, quenching resistance, gain, waveform shape, photon detection efficiency and dark count rate. We...
In order to reduce the uncertainties in the T2K long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment by improving the understanding of the neutrino-nucleus interaction at around 1 GeV, we have constructed the WAGASCI neutrino detector at J-PARC. The WAGASCI neutrino detector consists of an array of thin plastic scintillator strips, configured into a three-dimensional grid structure with gaps filled...
We developed a fast X-ray detector system for a nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) experiment of thorium-229. The system employs silicon avalanche photo-diode (Si-APD) as a fast X-ray sensor. The system is able to acquire both timing and energy of a single X-ray photon simultaneously in a high rate condition, 106 counts per second for one Si-APD. The performance of the system was investigated...
Modern high luminosity e+ e- factories, like Belle II at SuperKEKB or planned
Super Charm-Tau factory require fast calorimeters to cope with severe background
conditions. The prototype of the fast electromagnetic calorimeter based on pure
CsI scintillation crystals, wavelength shifters with the novel nanostructured
organosilicon luminophores, and avalanche photodiodes Hamamatsu S8664-55 is...
The purpose of the J-PARC KOTO experiment is to search for new physics beyond the standard model(SM) with the rare kaon decay $K_L\to\pi^0\nu\bar{\nu}$.
The branching ratio of this decay was predicted to be $\rm{BR} = 3.0 \times 10^{-11}$ in the SM.
The KOTO detector consists of an electromagnetic calorimeter made of undoped Cesium Iodide(CsI) crystals, and hermetic veto counters.
To...
Hyper-Kamiokande (HK), scheduled to start construction in 2020, will be
the next generation water Cerenkov experiment in Japan. 50 cm Diameter Box
& Line Photomultiplier Tubes (R12860 made by Hamamatsu) were evaluated.
The dynamic range of the output was improved by optimizing the voltage
dividing ratio between dynodes. The linearity and rate tolerance of the
gain were also evaluated.
As photon detection is a major issue in any high-energy astronomy instrumentation, many space missions combined photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with scintillators, for converting incoming high-energy photons into visible light, which in turn is converted in an electrical pulse. The silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), instead of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) which are bulky, fragile, and requiring a...
The Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment (LHCb) at CERN is aimed to study flavor-physics. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector system (RICH), which provides particle identification, have been operating successfully since 2010. During the second Long Shutdown of the LHC of 2019-2020, the RICH detectors will be upgraded to maintain the excellent PID performance at an order of magnitude higher...
Abstract
Detectors based on micro channel plates (MCP) are used to detect the radiation of free electron lasers. Three MCP detectors were developed by JINR for the European
XFEL (SASE1, SASE2, and SASE3 beamlines). These detectors were designed to operate in a wide dynamic range from the level of spontaneous emission to the SASE saturation level (between a few nJ and up to 25 mJ), and in a...
A MPPC (Multi-Pixel Photon Counter) has some advantages in a low-voltage operation and easily making a multi-element type detector, when comparing with a photomultiplier tube. We tried to detect soft X-rays of less than 6 keV with a scintillation detector using an MPPC. The detector consists of a plastic scintillator (Pilot U, 2.5×2.5 mm^2, 1 mm thick) and an MPPC (Hamamatsu Photonics,...
The Aerogel Ring Imaging Cherenkov (ARICH) counter is a particle identification device located in the endcap region of the Belle II detector. The main components of the ARICH counter are 248 silica aerogel tiles built into the Cherenkov radiator and 420 Hybrid Avalanche Photo Detectors (HAPDs) making up the photon detector. Angular distribution of Cherenkov photons emitted from silica aerogel...
MPPC (Multi-Pixel Photon Counter) is a SiPM device made by Hamamatsu Photonics. In high energy physics experiments, MPPC with lower crosstalk has been desired to get a good photon counting resolution. Thus, suppression of the crosstalk had been a long-term challenge.
Recently, Hamamatsu has developed a new type of MPPC which has lower crosstalk probability and therefore better photon counting...
Super-FGD is a part of the near detector (ND280) upgrade of the T2K experiment.
Super-FGD consists of about two million scintillator cubes read out along three orthogonal directions by wavelength shifting fibers, to realize fine granularity.
The light from the fibers is read out by sixty thousand Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs).
Optical interface design for super-FGD between MPPCs and...
To study surface science of material and spintronics application, experiments using soft X-ray (0.1-4keV) is now paid attention to in the next generation synchrotron radiation facility. In order to perform such experiment, a new high-resolution, high-sensitive soft X-ray imager is required. For that purpose, we are developing an imager, Silicon on Insulator-Reach Through-Avalanche Photo Diodes...
An large prototype of the analogue hadron calorimeter for the International Linear Collider (ILC) was constructed and performance studies in beam are underway. The detection layers of the hadron calorimeter are highly segmented into 30~mm square scintillator tiles, each readout individually with a SiPM. A large number of detection tiles of the prototype ($\sim$22,000 tiles in total) had to be...
A 6 × 6 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array aimed at one-to-one coupling to a finely separated scintillator array was fabricated and characterized. All SiPMs were formed in the bulk substrate layer of a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer for enabling future SiPMs which consists of 3-D integrated electronics without mechanical bump bonding. Each channel had a size of 250 × 250 μm2 and...
Monitoring of neutron radiation field is an important task for the CMS
experiment at CERN.
neutron background affects electronics situated in the experimental
cavern inducing single event effect (SEU, SEL etc).
In addition, neutron flux is a main source of the background for the
muon chambers, so it affects both performance and longevity of the
detectors,
especially for high...
Compton camera used in the Hitomi SGD is a useful detector for soft gamma-ray in space observation. Si-pixel sensor with 3.4 mm pixels is used as scatterer in the SGD Compton camera. But this pixel size does not allow us to measure a direction of Compton-recoil electrons in the Si sensor, and thus the sensitivity is limited. To improve, it is important to measure the direction of recoil...
The Analogue Hadron CALorimeter (AHCAL) at the International Linear Collider (ILC) is a high granularity hadron calorimeter based on scintillator tiles readout by MPPCs. Toward the construction of ILC, it is necessary to make a more realistic design of ILD detector. The optimization of AHCAL granularity is, therefore, now revisited, and we study the mixed granularity with larger scintillator...
As the next generation of water Cherenkov detector, Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) has the potential to advance the study of a variety of physics ranging from proton decay to neutrino oscillations. With the first Hyper-K tank's construction scheduled in 2020, it is vital to validate the feasibility of mass production for the 20'' Box and Line (B&L) photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) designed for...
Hyper-Kamiokande is a water Chenrekov detector, that is composed of a cylindrical tank with a diameter of 74 m and a depth of 60 m filled with ultra pure water.
Forty thousands of optical sensors look inside to catch Cherenkov light generated underwater.
We can reconstruct momentum, direction and particle type from Cherenkov ring imaged from cone shaped Cherenkov light.
Detection efficiency is...
The current understanding of radiation tolerance of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) is reviewed. Effects of radiation damage caused by hadrons, electrons and gammas on SiPMs are presented and discussed. Ideas are presented on how to approach the development of radiation hard SiPMs for the future HEP experiments.
Hamamatsu and KETEK SiPMs were irradiated with neutrons up to 2E12 n/cm^2 (1 MeV equivalent) at the CERN CHARM irradiation facility. The SiPMs’ temperature during irradiation was stabilized at -30 C using Peltier thermoelectric cooler. In this article, we report about studies of the SiPM dark currents during and after irradiation.
The gain of silicon photomultipliers increases with bias voltage and decreases with temperature. To operate SiPMs at stable gain, the bias voltage can be readjusted to compensate for temperature changes. We have tested this concept with 30 SiPMs from three manufacturers in a climate chamber at CERN varying the temperature from 1 degree C to 48 degrees C. We built an adaptive power supply that...
The construction of a highly granular scintillator-tile calorimeter with 22000 MPPCs
required new approached to quality control and provided both test bench and in-situ
data for the characterisation of a large sample of photo-sensors. Thanks to the
excellent uniformity of device parameters, it was possible to stabilise the MPPC
responses in the presence of temperature variations by...
Recent progress of the SiPM technologies, such as high photon detection efficiency (PDE) and well-suppressed optical crosstalk have made it possible to replace conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with SiPMs in many applications. However SiPM prices per unit area is still higher than those of PMTs, and thus production of a large SiPM array is not cost effective yet. We have developed a...
At the Max Planck Institute for Physics, we developed three prototype detector modules using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) instead of PMTs for the imaging cameras of the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. The detector modules use Hamamatsu, SensL or Excelitas devices, respectively.
To achieve an active area comparable to a 1-inch PMT, we used a matrix of up to...
Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPM) provide an efficient photon read-out to particle detectors thank to their high photon detection efficiency, their immunity to magnetic fields and their high granularity. Recently SiPMs are being studied for cryogenic application within dark matter or neutrinos detector. This talk will describe the behavior of newest FBK cryogenic SiPMs and the associated...
The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) is aiming to search for 0$\nu\beta\beta$ decays of $^{136}Xe$ by using liquid xenon TPC detector. nEXO is the second phase of EXO with 5 tons of enriched liquid xenon TPC with ultra-low background. In order to meet the requirements of 1% energy resolution (at Q of 136Xe, 2.458 MeV) and low background, ~4 $m^2$ of SiPM arrays will be used to collect 175 nm...
CATIROC is an ASIC designed to read large photomultiplier areas for neutrinos experiments. This “System-on-Chip” is a very innovative concept as it sends out only relevant data by network to the central data storage, minimizing the links and the cost. The ASIC integrates 16 independent channels, with a self-triggering capability down to 1/3 photoelectron (50 fC). It then provides time...
The Baby MIND neutrino particle detector was installed at J-PARC in Tokai Japan in February 2018 and commissioned with first neutrino beam a few weeks later. It is instrumented with 3'996 Hamamatsu MPPCs type S12571-025C. A full readout electronics chain was developed to extract energy deposition and timing information of tracks left by charged particles from neutrino interactions in the Baby...
IceCube-Gen2 is an extension of IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole to significantly enhance the detection sensitivity to high-energy as well as low energy neutrinos. It occupies $\sim$8 km$^3$ of Antarctic ice and an array of $\sim$10,000 optical modules to capture Cherenkov photons efficiently from the secondary charged particles produced in the neutrino interactions.
The...
Sampling calorimeter is indispensable for physics measurement at collider experiment with particle flow algorithm.
Particle flow algorithm optimized calorimeter is important not only energy information but also position information.
Position information can be improved by creating a very finely granulated detection layer.
However, energy resolution is degraded by uncertainty of deposit...
After the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, large amounts of radioisotopes (mainly $^{137}\mathrm{Cs}$ and $^{134}\mathrm{Cs}$) were released into the environment. Various monitoring activities have revealed radiation on the ground both in local and wide areas; however, aerial dose variation in the vertical direction is poorly known.
This paper presents the first results of airborne...
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is widely used in diagnostic imaging of the interior of the human body; however, the radiation dose of conventional CT typically amounts to 10 mSv. Under such environments, X-ray photons are severely piled-up; therefore, the CT images are monochromatic and various artifacts are present due to beam hardening effects. In contrast, photon counting CT (PC-CT) offers...
Radionuclide therapy (RNT) is an internal radiation therapy that can selectively damage cancer cells. Very recently, the use of alpha-emitting radionuclides was initiated in RNT owing to its dose concentration and short range. In particular, 223-Ra is widely used for bone metastasis cancer. Despite its potential for clinical applications, it is difficult to see whether the drug has been...
Hyper-Kamiokande, scheduled to start construction in 2020, will be the next generation water Cerenkov experiment in Japan, and will provide unprecedented sensitivity to study the oscillations of accelerator, solar and atmospheric neutrinos, search for proton decay and study the neutrinos coming from the explosion of a nearby supernova. In the baseline design, this massive new detector will be...
In order to meet the requirement of JUNO, 20-inch microchannel plate photomultiplier (MCP-PMT) was researched by the MCP-PMT collaboration, which was established by Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) and North Night Vision Technology Co., Ltd (NNVT) in 2012. By the breakthrough of the key technology, such as the electronic optics structure design, the high quantum efficiency photocathode...
We report detailed design, fabrication and characterization of 6 × 6 cm$^2$ fast timing photodetectors based on next-generation microchannel plates (MCP). The whole assembly is made of low-cost borosilicate glass materials and hermetically sealed with a bialkali photocathode in a vacuum. The flexible photodetector design provides the potential of modifying individual components as well as the...
A new generation detection unit has been developed in the frame of the JEM-EUSO program to detect Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) from space. This 256 pixels compact (55 x 55 x 60 mm), low consumption (< 500mW) and fast detection unit (>150 Mhz) is based on four Hamamatsu multi-anodes photomultipliers (MAPMT), one Cockcroft-Walton high-voltage circuit and four SPACIROC 3 ASICs. This type...
Horizon-10T (H10T) detector system is constructed to study the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with energy of the primary particle above 10^16 eV. Detector system consists of 10 detection points. The aim of the H10T is the study of the spatial and temporal structure of EAS events. For that purpose, each detection point should have high time resolution, so the fast time response of the components....
STRAW - Strings for Absorption Length in Water is a project aimed at investigating the optical properties (scattering and absorption length, in particular) of the deep-sea water at Cascadia Basin (British Columbia, Canada). This is the first step of a broader feasibility study for a future large-scale neutrino telescope in the Pacific Ocean. Two strings equipped with 5 modules for light...
Hyper-Kamiokande, a 260 kton water Cherenkov detector to be built in Japan, is the next generation of the Super-Kamiokande experiment. Its broad physics program includes nucleon decay, neutrinos from astronomical and human-made beam, with the main focus to determine the leptonic CP violation. To detect the weak Cherenkov light generated by neutrino interactions or proton decay, the primary...
Hyper-Kamiokande, scheduled to begin construction as soon as 2020, is a next generation underground water Cherenkov detector, based on the highly successful Super-Kamiokande experiment. It will serve as a far detector, 295 km away, of a long baseline neutrino experiment for the upgraded J-PARC beam in Japan. It will also be a detector capable of observing --- far beyond the sensitivity of the...
Direct measurement of internal properties of the Earth using neutrino has been discussed for more than 30 years. Discovery of the neutrino oscillations opened a new window for geoscience, as well as for particle physics. By measuring matter effect of neutrinos oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos that penetrate through the Earth, and by comparing them with our knowledge of Earth’s density...
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB facility started observation of beam collisions in 2018 to search for the New Physics beyond the Standard Model using 50 times higher statistics of electron-positron collisions of the Belle experiment. The Aerogel Ring Imaging Cherenkov (ARICH) counter is a newly developed particle identification device in the forward endcap of the Belle II spectrometer...
We developed a square-shaped micro-channel-plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) in collaboration with Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., successfully produced more than 630 MCP-PMTs so far, and installed 512 MCP-PMTs into the TOP counter of the Belle II experiment in 2016. The TOP counter is the first-ever detector that is equipped with such a large number of MCP-PMTs. All the MCP-PMTs have a time...
A Micro-Channel-Plate PMT (MCP-PMT) has an excellent time resolution. A disadvantage of the MCP-PMT is a short photocathode lifetime, which means a drop of the quantum efficiency (QE) of the photocathode. It is a major issue for applications to detector s at high intensity experiments, such as the Belle II TOP detector.
In the first part of the presentation, we talk about the improvement we...
